Showing posts with label technology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label technology. Show all posts

Globalization and Integration: The Contemporary Relationship Between the Mordern State and the Economy

Globalization from a purely economic perspective, it's the result of human innovation and technological progress. It refers to the increasing integration of  economies around the world, particularly through  the movement of goods, services, and capital across  borders. The term sometimes also refers to the  movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. ((IMF, 2008).

Developing world economic relations on the basis of the international division of labor is becoming increasingly significant for many national economies. The convergence and  intensification of the interdependencies of states and their economic entities is the main trend of  the world economy. The processes taking place in the economies of individual states and their integration groupings can not be considered without taking into account external factors conditioned by the globalization of the world economy. Increasing economic interdependencies between the economic units are clearly being manifested through the pace and duration of the world economic crises. Manifestations and consequences of the global financial-economic crises differ and mainly depend on the country and its role in the world economic system. The stability reserve of the national economy in the controversial circumstances of globalization is conditioned by the weighted combination of the governmental policy of protectionism and gaining an advantage on the international division of economic factors. A system approach is needed for the purposeful quality change of the position of the individual state in the changing architecture of the global economy.

Integration has command a significant increase in scientific and practical interest in international economic integration  of the world economy since the late 19th century are associated with internationalization. Its main subjects are all nation states, their unions, transnational corporations, transnational banks, international economic organizations, and world financial centers.Characteristic features of internationalization are increasinginternational interconnections and interdependencies of different countries, regions and business entities at various levels. 

The Thin Relationship Mordern State and the Economy

In the contemporary world both state and Economy are both variable that depends on each other, The relation between the state and the economy is the central issue for all who try to understand the upheavals of the past decade and a half.

Several theories have been developed to explain and address the problematic issues of state and Economy. Interestingly, karl Marx did not only develop an analysis of the relationship, in either  direction, between the state and the economy. On the one hand, he did not present a developed theory of the manner in which capital accumulation affects the form of the state. Instead, in key passages he established a general framework for treating the issue in terms of a relation between the superstructure and an ultimately determinant base, but the enigmatic nature of these passages has stimulated a modern controversy which has revealed precisely that because the concept of that relation is undeveloped it is far from robust. 


Welfarism State 

Inline with the orthodox and non-classical ideology about state and economy traditionally assumed that in Britain which are primarily balancer world politics before outbreak of 2nd Worldwar  are broadly concerned with the non-marketed services provided to individuals by institutions of the state since World War II. They include services produced by the state such as education, social work and health care and also redistribution of income through mechanisms like pensions and supplementary benefits. They did not arise from nowhere after the war, but the post-war government did systematise the state, charitable, and friendly-society provision of such services that had existed, thereby creating the coherent whole that we understand as the welfare state. In explaining it Marxists have to answer two distinct questions: why have such services been expanded, systematised and entrenched since the war, and why have they been provided through the state rather than the private sector. The answers that Marxist theory so far provides for the first question are now commonplace but, nevertheless, problematic; the second question, however, is virtually unanswered.


References 

The State And The Economy:  Some Theoretical Problems

IMF reports 2018


Solution and Recommendation to the Challenges Of Urban Planning And Execution In An Urban City

Urban Planning must be accompanied by sustainability concept. Here where we should stand and understand that city is more than the sum of its parts. It is a whole living thing that is constantly changing, evolving and morphing into an ever more Eco-Friendly and welcoming entity which can be achieved through innovative sustainable solutions such as following:

SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING

Census population doubles which requires more housing spaces, yet our goal to meet the needs of the present without compromising with the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable Housing means “housing which contributes to community building, to social justice and to economic viability at a local level” (Morgan and Talbot, 2001, p. 321). Morgan and Talbot argue that sustainability should be the main principle to design housing and one of the important dimensions of the housing quality. Also Development of Sustainable Housing refers to not only the development of building but also layout of the housing areas since Quality of Dwelling life is not just simply concerned with having a roof over one’s head and a sufficient amount of living space, but also with social and psychological satisfaction. Affordable Housing has become a commonly used term for summarizing the nature of the housing difficulty in many nations. He identifies six elements of measuring housing expenditure to an income ratio to measure housing affordability.


ZERO-CARBON CITIES

There is a need for Zero-Carbon Cities which are urban areas powered by renewable energy techniques and technologies. A zero-carbon city runs entirely on renewable energy; it has no carbon footprint and will in this respect not cause harm to the planet. Most cities throughout the world produce energy by burning coal, oil and gas, unintentionally emitting carbon. Almost every activity human does involves burning one of these fossil fuels. To become a zero carbon city, an established modern city must collectively reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to zero and all practices that emit greenhouse gases must cease. The aim of a zero-carbon city is reducing carbon emissions from buildings, reducing waste, transport, materials and food emissions by 50% globally. It can be achieved by the following steps: Reducing energy-use wherever possible in the buildings and transportation sector. Increase Renewable Energy Resources by adding as much renewable energy as possible. Offsetting any CO2 emitted through purchasing carbon credits. Developing distributed power and water systems. Increasing photosynthetic spaces as a part of green infrastructure Improving Eco-Efficiency. Developing cities without slums.

GREEN ROOFS

Green Roofs (roofs with a vegetated surface and substrate) provide ecosystem services in urban areas, including improved storm-water management, better regulation of building temperatures, reduced urban heat-island effects, and increased urban wildlife habitat. Just imagine if this technology was applied on every building within your city, it comes with unlimited benefits as following: Storm Water Management and Water Retention since Green roofs can help with controlling the storm water runoff which is major problem in many cities. They have the ability to retain water at a rate of 50-90% depending on the design of the roofs. Improvement of Micro-climate as rain water evaporates, it humidifies the air above it, making the air cooler. This reduces the ambient temperature of the air above rooftops, improving the micro-climate. Since the rooftop becomes cooler, the efficiency of the building’s AC units are improved. Dust and Toxic Particles Binder where air pollution is a common phenomenon in all major cities. Green roofs can play a vital role in filtering the air pollutants, improving the quality of air. When the air flows, the foliar surface of green roof reduces the speed of air flowing above it. This filters 10-20% of dust particles from the air, thus, helping to purify the air. Protection from Noise Pollution as green roofs can be of great advantage when it comes to noise pollution. Urban areas are mostly subjected to sources of loud sounds and noises particularly because of buildings being located under flight paths, adjacent to night clubs, markets, malls, and fairs and so on. Info-graphic Case Study (New York City applied Green Roofs)

SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION

Transport has a major impact on the spatial and economic development of cities and regions. The attractiveness of particular locations depends in part on the relative accessibility, and this in turn depends on the quality and quantity of the transport infrastructure. The concept of sustainable transportation promotes a balance between transportation’s economic and social benefits and the need to protect the environment. In further articulating this idea, the Center for Sustainable Transportation has defined a sustainable transportation system as one that: Allows individuals and societies to meet their access needs safely and in a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health, and with equity within and between generations. Is affordable, operates efficiently, offers choice of transport mode, and supports a vibrant economy. Limits emissions and waste within the planet’s ability to absorb them, minimizes consumption of non-renewable resources, limits consumption of renewable resources to the sustainable yield level, reuses and recycles its components, and minimizes the use of land and the production of noise. Depending on modern-technology we can convert current polluting transportation into an environmentally friendly one.

Conclusively, urban planning is a concept that is of great importance to any society that seeks development and as such should be treated with great importance.

Amalgamation of Disparities Ethnicities, Threatened Unity of Third World Countries

Aside the Middle East where countries were delineated and created by the British through Gertrude Bell, most other countries were organicall...